CAREER IN BBA

BACHELOR IN BUSINESS ADMN. 

The BBA or Bachelor of Business Administration is an undergraduate degree in the field of business administration and commerce. In majority of the colleges and universities in India, the BBA degree is awarded to the students once they complete the entire duration of the course successfully which is four years.

The BBA is a full-time course and entails 120 credit hours in one or over one subject or field of business concentration.
The professional course normally incorporates both general business study programs and higher-level study programs for particular concentrations.
The Bachelor of Business Administration program has been planned to offer comprehensive awareness about the operational domains of an organization and also their dependent ancillaries. At the same time, the course offers specialization in a particular domain. In this way, BBA study courses in India offer plenty of exposure to the students with regard to a range of "core subjects". The biggest advantage of studying a BBA course in India is that it permits the students to do specialization in a particular subject or field.

The core subjects of BBA in India are as follows:

• Business Law and Ethics
• Accounting
• Financial Management
• Economics
• Information Technology
• Human Resource Management
• Operations Management
• Marketing
• Quantitative Techniques (financial mathematics, business statistics, operations research)
• Organizational Behavior
• Strategic Management

In addition, students can specialize in the following topics:

• Entrepreneurship
• Accounting
• Real Estate
• Finance
• International Business
• Human Resource Management
• Legal Management
• Information Technology
• Management
• Design Management
• Marketing
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Supply Chain Management
• Operations Management
• Tourism Management
• 
  

CURRENT SCENARIO OF BBA IN INDIA

A BBA degree helps improve the communication skills, managerial skills, and business decision-making skills in a student. A considerable number of BBA study courses in India therefore include hands-on experience and guidance as case studies, demonstrations, industrial tours, internships, and communication with specialists of the industry.
The Bachelor of Business Administration degree offers the opportunity of acquiring specialized knowledge on business management to the students. Students get the chance to learn about Marketing, Local and International (Global) Business, Finance, Information Systems, Human Resources Management, Tourism, and Insurance. In order to be eligible for studying BBA in India, students should pass their intermediate or 10+2 exams with at least 45% or 50% marks (whichever is specified by the college or university in question).
After completing BBA successfully, students can get jobs in sectors like FMCG and Consumer Durable Industry (P&G, HUL, Marico), Consultancy, Banking, Finance (HSBC, Citibank), Information Technology Companies (Wipro, Infosys, Compaq, Microsoft), Advertising Agencies (Lintas, JWT, O & M, Mudra, Leo Burnett) and so on.

ENTRANCE EXAMS FOR ADMISSION IN BBA
Conducted By	Name of Entrance Exam
Pune University	Pune University BBA / BBM CET
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University	Conducted by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, GGSIPU CET is a common entrance test for BBA
GITAM University	GITAM University Admission Test (GAT) UGM BBA Entrance Exam GAT UGM
All India Management Association (AIMA)	AIMA-UGAT:- All India Management Association BBA Entrance Examination
Symbiosis International University	Symbiosis Entrance Test:- Symbiosis Entrance Test (SET)

There are limited numbers of seats in BBA colleges in India which signify that only the creamy layer students get the chance for admission.

SUBJECTS OF BBA ENTRANCE EXAM IN INDIA 

Students need to answer questions on the following subjects and topics when they sit for the BBA entrance exam:

• LOGICAL ABILITY AND REASONING: Classification, Analogy Test, Coding-Decoding Test, Series Test, Sitting Arrangement Test, Alphabet Test, Direction Test, Comprehension of Ranks, Puzzle Test, Blood Relations Test, Mathematical Operations and Reasoning, Data Sufficiency Test, Venn Diagram Test, Input and Output Test, Decision Making, Syllogism, Statement-Conclusions, Statement-Assumptions, Clock and Calendar Test, Strong and Weak Arguments, Image Test, Cube and Dice, Counting of Figures Test, Paper Cutting and Folding, Embedded Figures Test, Formatting of Figures Test, Completion of Figures Test, and Miscellaneous Test
• NUMERICAL ABILITY AND QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE :HCF and LCM, Number System, Profit and Loss, Percentage, Time, Speed and Distance, Average, Time and Work, Simple Interest and Compound Interest, Mixture or Alligations, Plane Geometry, Ratio and Proportion, Data Sufficiency, Mensuration, Data Interpretation
• ENGLISH :Sequence of Sentences, Comprehension, Synonyms, Word Power, Fillers, Antonyms, Spelling Test, Cloze Test, Idioms and Phrases, One Word Substitution, Sentence Improvement, Common Errors, Direct and Indirect Speech, Active and Passive Voice
• GENERAL KNOWLEDGE :Geography, Indian History, Indian Economy, Indian Polity, General Knowledge, General Science, Objective Corner. 

SALARY

In this field salary is vary upon your experience and skills. The average salary is about 3-4 lacs per annum. But this become too high if you are sincere and experienced. 

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CAREER IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Air traffic control is one among the many career paths you can choose from, to work in an airport. It is a profession that requires highly specialized knowledge, skill and ability. Air traffic controllers alias ATC Officers (ATCO's) are people trained to maintain the safe, orderly and prompt flow of air traffic in the global air traffic control system. They are essential to the efficiency of airports and the airline industry. Pilots need active support from air traffic controllers to fly safely. Air traffic controllers track, guide and control both the takeoff and landing of airplanes, as well as the air traffic above and in the general vicinity of the airport. 

ATC careers are suitable for those who can analyze situations at a moment's notice, make quick calculations and react in a safe and efficient manner. It is a job that should be handled with utmost responsibility, since Air Traffic Controllers have to take care of large number of lives in their hands. If there is even small chance for error and if you make a blunder, the aftermath could be appalling.

The most and the primary duty of an Air Traffic Controller is to coordinate the positions of different aircrafts and to ensure that all are safe both in the skies and on the ground at airports. The controllers give pilots taxiing and takeoff instructions, air traffic clearance and advice based on their own observations and information received from the National Weather Service, air route traffic control en route centers, flight service stations, aircraft pilots and other sources. They apply specified separation standards that allow aircrafts to maintain safe distances from each other in their delegated airspace areas and also on airport surfaces. They must be able to recall quickly, the registration numbers of aircraft under their control, aircraft types and speeds, positions in the air, and also the location of navigational aids in the area. 

Even though it is a lucrative career, life as an ATC officer can be taxing and dull. People opting for this career have to work from the control tower in an airport, spend long hours of the day wearing earphones and giving orders to pilots looking to land or take-off from the airport. Since most airports do not close for the night, they have to work for long shifts and do not get too many long vacation breaks.

Job Prospects and Career Opportunities

Air traffic controllers are a part of an extensive network of technicians and generally work in teams. As soon as they enter the airspace of the airport, each controller is assigned with a fixed number of planes. They manages all aspects of the allotted aircraft's flight. Apart from communicating with the pilot, air traffic controllers typically perform : 

• Monitor and direct the movement of aircraft on the ground and in the air, using radar, computers, or visual references
• Control all ground traffic at airports, including baggage vehicles and airport workers
• Manage communications by transferring control of departing flights to traffic control centers and accepting control of arriving flights
• Provide information to pilots, such as weather updates, runway closures and other critical information
• Alert airport response staff, in the event of an aircraft emergency
• Maintain and prepare the control tower or control centers for emergencies. 

Air Traffic Control sector offers numerous job prospects. Students who have successfully completed their ATC training are directly absorbed by various Central Government departments engaged in Aviation research and technology like ISRO, Defense Ministry, Aeronautical Laboratories, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Airport Authority of India and many other departments. Indian Air Force and Indian Navy recruits ATC's through Service Selection Board (SSB). 

Air traffic controllers work in control towers, approach control facilities or en-route centers of airports. 

HOW TO BECOME AN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER

QUALITIES NEEDED :
To succeed as an air traffic controller, a good eye sight and a calm attitude is very much needed. A thorough knowledge of procedures and phraseology, the language of Air Traffic Control is a must. These professionals must be able to work under pressure without making any mistake and be cautious and think before every action they take. The foremost attributes required for Air Traffic Controllers are : 
- Good communication and listening skills for giving clear and concise instructions 
- Concentration skills 
- Quick decision making skills for the safe operation of the aircraft
- Excellent Math skill to compute speed, time, and distance problems, and recommend heading and altitude changes
- Organisational skills to coordinate the actions of multiple flights
- Problem solving skills
- Ability to work as a team

AAI RECRUITMENT : 

Airports Authority of India (AAI) conducts civil ATC entrance examination for the recruitment of candidates in ATC. 

The basic educational qualifications needed to apply for the civil ATC entrance examination is:

• Engineering Degree in Electronics / Tele Communication / Radio Engg. / Electrical with specialization in Electronics with Ist class (60%) OR
• Regular Full time Bachelor’s degree (3 years) in Science (B.Sc) with physics and Mathematics from a recognized university with minimum 60 % marks OR
• M.Sc Degree or its equivalent with Wireless Communication, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio Engg. as a special Subject with 1st Class

AGE LIMIT : 
Lower age limit is 21 years, while the upper age limit is 27 years.

The selection shall be made on the basis of a : 

• Written test
  50% questions will be based on subjects relating to educational qualifications prescribed and 50% on General Knowledge, General Intelligence, General Aptitude, English etc.
• Voice test
• Personal Interview
• Medical fitness 

Training is imparted for the candidates after recruitment, at Civil Aviation Training Colleges at Allahabad, UP or at Hyderabad, AP. During the training period a stipend of a requisite amount will be paid to the trainees along with free lodging and boarding. Training module includes Air Traffic Services; Aerodromes and Ground Aids; Air Legislation; Meteorology; Communication Procedures; Technical; Search and Rescue and Air Navigation. Successfully trained candidates will be appointed as Junior Executive (ATC). 

Hierarchy in Air Traffic Controller is as follows : 

• Junior ExecutiveAssistant Manager
• Manager
• Senior Manager
• Assistant General Manager
• Deputy General Manager
• Joint General Manager
• General Manager
• Executive Director (ATM)
• Member (ATM) in AAI Board

                           

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CAREER IN ADVENTURE SPORTS

ADVENTURE SPORTS

All of us have some sort of a hobby, be it reading, sports, gardening and so on... Some of these hobbies have scope to be pursued seriously as a career. However, for a full –fledged career, one needs to develop expertise in it. Here let us discuss about an adventurous hobby which can be a part of enjoyment as well as good career choice. i.e a career in an adventure sport.

Career in adventure sports is a broad and generalized term. Adventure sports may be divided into three types broadly – Air Sports, Land Sports and Water Sports.

Air Sports: Bungee Jumping, Paragliding, Sky Diving, Sky Surfing etc.

 Land Sports: Rock Climbing, Skateboarding, Mountain Biking, Skiing, Snowboarding, Trekking, Adventure Racing, Land and Ice Yachting etc.

 Water Sports: Scuba Diving, White Water Rafting, Kayaking, Canoeing, Cliff Diving, Snorkeling, Yacht Racing, Powerboat Racing, Wind Surfing etc.

This is mostly a male dominated career field as the work necessitate to spend a lot of time away from home, in remote locations. But today more women are coming forward to participate in adventure sports. To promote interests of women, schools like 'Indian Institute of Skiing & Mountaineering, Gulmarg', has started courses exclusively for women.

ELIGIBILITY

Talking about personal attributes, main trait required for a career in Adventure Sports is physical and mental fitness along with sporting spirit. Also required is team spirit and leadership qualities, high levels of responsibility and a strong sense of commitment. To secure employment in this field, certification from any Adventure sport institute is enough. Proficiency in swimming is mandatory for water based sports. For getting jobs in Excursion agencies and Holiday resorts proficiency in any foreign language is necessary as the candidate might have to deal with tourists from across the world. There are lot of courses available for both beginners and experienced sports people. Institutes like Himalayan Mountaineering Institute and Nehru Institute Of Mountaineering offers Basic mountaineering, Advance mountaineering courses which are of 28 days duration. National Institute of Water Sports, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports, Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports are the other prominent institutes that offer courses in various adventure sports.

JOB PROSPECTS IN ADVENTURE SPORTS 

Adventure sports is gaining popularity throughout the world specially in the tourism sector as part of Adventure Tourism. Due to the involvement of the media (National Geographic, Discovery, AXN etc), people have become more aware of adventure sports activities around them and want to plan an adventure holiday.

There are a number of career options to choose from, one can either specialise in one particular sport or a number of them. These specialists may work as free lancers or may be recruited by specific agencies. Career options in adventure sports sector can be as Adventure Sports Instructor, Adventure Sports Athlete, Outbound Training Facilitator & Trainer, Adventure Sports Photographer, Adventure Tourism Facilitator, Adventure Camp Counselor, Extreme Sports Specialist, Water and Aero Sports Specialist, Trekking & Mountain Guide, Adventure Tour Guide and so on.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVENTURE SPORTS

Professionals exist in Excursion agencies, Holiday resorts, leisure camps and commercial recreation centers, Sports centers and athletic clubs. You can set up your own adventure sports centre offering services and impart training in your area of specialization. They can work as instructors to teach students in institutes. Another option is to work in a training organization specializing in outdoor training. One can also opt Adventure Sports Photography as a career.

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CAREER AS A JUDGE

JUDGE

Judge is the highest and the most respected position in the legal/ judicial system of India. Judges are impartial decision-makers in the pursuit of justice and they rule on questions of law, act as a referee between the litigating parties and renders decisions in legal disputes.

The terms 'Judge' and 'Magistrate' are often confused and generally is believed to be the same person. But the terms have two different meanings and refer to two very different positions and power. A judge is bestowed with more powers than a magistrate. A Judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone, with a panel of judges or a jury, depending on the jurisdiction. A Judge hold more administrative power and are responsible for handling criminal cases, federal cases, constitutional cases and high priority cases. The judge is expected to hear all witnesses, view all evidences, access the arguments by the prosecutor and the defendant, and form an opinion and give a verdict. On the other hand, Magistrate who is considered as an officer of the state, is responsible for handling smaller and minor cases. They are appointed in Magistrate Courts by the Judge and has limited power in terms of authority, law enforcement and jurisdiction. 

Judges are always appointed or elected to their positions with political support. The duties, method of appointment, discipline and training of judges vary depending on their jurisdictions and powers. They are endowed with large duties and responsibilities to work for the betterment of the country and performs a variety of tasks inside and outside the courtroom. 

The credibility and legitimacy of judicial decisions depend not only on its merit and soundness in law, but also on public perception of impartiality and objectivity of the procedure adopted by the judge. This is a delicate task which judges have to internalise when they assume the role of judging.

SKILLS AND QUALITIES NEEDED FOR A JUDGE

A judge should possess excellent spirit and work on new techniques and strategies for serving the country and also work for the development of the country. There are certain personal skills that are important for the judges including personal honesty and sense of responsibility, impartiality, courtesy, mercy, patience, commitment and self-confidence. Judges often have the ability to work hard as they have to work at speed and under pressure. Excellent public speaking, logical reasoning, analytical, decision-making, debating skills are the other key skills required for the judges to analyze complex cases and to deliver sound legal decisions. Judges must strive for the highest standards of integrity in both their professional and personal lives.

HOW TO BECOME A JUDGE 

In order to become a Judge one has to qualify the Judicial Service Examination conducted annually by Public Service Commission of the respective States. For appearing in this exam, one must hold a legal degree from a recognized university or institution and must have enrolled as an advocate with membership in the state bar council. The age limit for appearing however, may vary from State to State. 

JUDICIAL SERVICES EXAMINATION 

Judicial Service Preliminary Examination is held in two successive stages namely Judicial Service Preliminary Examination and Judicial Service Main Examination. The Preliminary Exam comprises objective type questions. The Preliminary Examination is conducted only for the purpose of short listing candidates for the Main Examination (written).

The marks obtained by the candidates in the Preliminary Examination will not be counted for the purpose of determining the final merit list. The Final merit list will be prepared on the basis of total marks obtained in the Main Examination and the Viva-Voce Test. The percentage of qualifying marks in preliminary exams and the scheme and syllabus of both Preliminary and Main Examination may vary from state to state.

Generally the minimum qualifying marks in the preliminary examination shall be 60% for general and 55% for reserved categories i.e. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Physically Handicapped (Blind/Low Vision) (Mobility not to be restricted)/ Orthopaedically. Only those candidates who have obtained 40% marks in each written paper and 50% marks in aggregate (except in the case of candidates belonging to reserved categories) shall be called for viva voce test. The marks obtained in the Viva-voce will be added to the marks obtained in the Main Examination (Written) and the candidates position will depend on the aggregate of both.

For the details syllabus of the exams, refer PSC websites of the respective states. In most of the states, District and Sessions Judges are being recruited through competitive examination conducted by State commissions and also through promotions from those in service/ selected from amongst the practicing lawyers. 

Only those candidates who have qualified in the Judicial Service Examination are eligible for the post of a Judge.

APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES

The Constitution of India is endowed with three-tier judicial system, which involves Supreme Court of India, The High Courts in the States and Subordinate Courts. So the constitution of India requires that the appointment of Judges must be from amongst the members of the Bar at all these three levels.

SUPREME COURT 

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and 30 other Judges and they are appointed by the President of India. Chief Justice is the highest-ranking and the senior most judge in the Supreme Court of India, and thus holds the highest judicial position in India. The President appoints the Chief Justice of Supreme Court after consultation with other judges of the Supreme Court and High courts. 

To be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must :

• be a citizen of India 
• have been a Judge of a high court for at least five years or two or more such courts in succession, or
• an advocate of a high court or of two or more such courts in succession for at least 10 years or 
• be a distinguished jurist, in the opinion of the president

The judges of the Supreme Court hold office until they attain the age of 65 years. 

HIGH COURT 

Every judge in a High Court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the state and the Chief Justice of the High Court. For appointing the Chief justice of High Court, the President consults with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor. The number of judges in the court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.

To be eligible to become a Judge in the High Court, a person should have held a Judicial Office in India for 10 years or has experience of 10 years practice, as an advocate in a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession.

The judges of the High Court hold office until he attains the age of 62 years.

DISTRICT COURT 

Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a District and Sessions Judge. He is known as a District Judge when he presides over a civil case, and a Sessions Judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a High Court judge. In addition to the district judge there may be number of Additional District Judges and Assistant District Judges depending on the workload. They are known by different names in different states.

The district court has appellate jurisdiction over all subordinate courts situated in the district on both civil and criminal matters. Subordinate courts, on the civil side (in ascending order) are, Junior Civil Judge Court, Principal Junior Civil Judge Court, Senior Civil Judge Court (also called sub-court). Subordinate courts, on the criminal side (in ascending order) are, Second Class Judicial Magistrate Court, First Class Judicial Magistrate Court, Chief Judicial Magistrate Court.

The judges of district courts are appointed by the Governor after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned State. The necessary qualification to become a district judge is minimum seven years of practice as an advocate or a pleader.

District judges are also appointed by way of elevation of judges from courts subordinate to district courts provided they fulfill the minimum years of service.

MAGISTRATES / MUNSIFFS

Magistrates are appointed by Central or State Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned State.

JOB PROFILE OF JUDGES

Judges may be designated according to the level of court in judicial hierarchy as Supreme-Court Judge, High-Court Judge, District-Court Judge; Magistrate –court Magistrate, Munsiff - court Munsiff and preside over the particular court department.

Most judges and magistrates work in private offices called chambers, courtrooms and law libraries. They do most of their work in their chambers, such as read legal briefs and motions, research legal issues, hold hearings with lawyers, and write judgment. The duty of the judges vary depending on their jurisdictions and powers. They may hear cases in civil, appellate, criminal or juvenile courts at the local, state or federal level. 

The major duties, responsibilities and function of the judge are : 

• They interpret and establish law and enforce rules of procedure even if there is no standard procedures
• Presiding over trials or hearings to make sure they are conducted fairly
• Conducts the trial impartially and in an open court
• Advises counsel, litigants or court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings.
• Settling disputes between opposing attorneys
• Listening to attorneys presenting their cases
• Listening to allegations made by plaintiffs and hears all the witnesses
• The judge hears the evidence presented by the prosecution and the defense and determine whether the evidence supports the charges.
• Assess the evidence presented
• Ruling on admissibility of evidence in court
• Judges often conduct pretrial hearings to determine whether evidence presented during a pretrial hearing merits a trial
• Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented
• Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues.
• The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law
• In criminal cases, the judge decides whether to hold defendants in jail pending trial or to set bail and other conditions for release. 
• In civil cases they must decide whether a claim is valid and assesses damages, grants an injunction or orders some other form of redress to the plaintiff, unless a jury has been empanelled to make these decisions.
• Judge remains above the case, providing an independent and impartial judgment of the facts and how the law applies to those facts
• If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence. He may send the person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes
• When making certain sentencing orders they should provide reasons for the sentence in the open court and make sure the offender consents to the order and agrees to comply with it and make sure whether the reasons are recorded or not.

The Magistrate deals with criminal cases while the Munsif/Sub-judge deals with civil cases. These officers can become District and Sessions Judge  by promotion and subject to their seniority and suitability. They can also be elevated to the office of a Judge of the High Court and the Supreme Court. Earlier District and Sessions Judges were promoted from those in service/ selected from amongst the practicing lawyers but now in most of the states they are being recruited through competitive examination conducted by State commissions.

EARNINGS AND BENEFITS OF JUDGE

Judges are entitled to receive salary as prescribed by the government from time to time. The salary of Judges varies according to their supremacy or to the court they work. The chief justices of Supreme Court and High court receive high salary than the other judges of these courts. Judges with limited jurisdiction (lower courts – district court, magistrate court etc), such as Magistrates/ Munsiffs generally earn the lowest salaries compared to the judges of HC and SC. The judges are also entitled to receive attractive allowances such as housing allowance, traveling allowance etc.

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CAREER AS A CHEF

CHEF

Do you have an intrinsic interest in cooking? Are you fascinated with the exotic spices, colourful sights of food and like experimenting with different types of food items? Here is a perfect career choice for you i.e 'Career as a Chef'. The recent boom in the hospitality industry has completely changed the meaning of cooking. It is not just about preparing foods; now cooking is more than an activity which is confined to the traditional kitchen. Cooking can be defined as a specialised art which combines passion, creativity, hard work and is all about the techniques, ingredients, nutrition, recipes and flavours. 

The word 'chef' has its origin from the French phrase chef de cuisine, which means the chief or head of a kitchen. A chef, in the contemporary sense of the term, is an artist who is equipped with specialized training to master the craft of cookery. The profession of a chef is one of the most demanding and backbreaking one, which demands a lot of hard work. Numerous well paying catering jobs are there in the hospitality industry for those who have a flair and talent for preparing mouth watering delicacies.

As it is commonly believed, the job of a chef is not just cooking a recipe. The chef has to know all aspects of food and beverages, including the art of vegetable and fruit sculptures and its presentation. He should have the knowledge of making wide variety of foods that include appetizers, salads, soups, main dishes, side orders and desserts. The chef has to be up to date with the managerial and administrative aspects of running the kitchen - from shopping, menu preparation and planning to nutrition analysis and inventory management.

The primary and major responsibility of the chef is to create recipes and prepare meals. As the chef, moves higher up the ladder they have to play varied roles like organizing the kitchen; planning the meals to be served; directing staff; supervising kitchen operations and so on. The work will keep you on your toes, a chef can be busy all day, may have to keep late hours regularly, work on weekends and even holidays. But the job of a Chef will never get you bored, if you have a passion for cooking along with innovation and dedication. Everyday there will be new excitement in your job, like preparing birthday delicacies, cooking for marriage parties, planning menu for special guests and so on. Apart from these, most chefs will have the opportunity to travel to a lot of places and meet all kinds of people. 

Though culinary profession is suitable for both male and female, this field specially in the hotel and hospitality industry is considered a male dominated one. The reason for this may be that, the profession of a chef usually starts at the lower side of the spectrum and involves lot of hard work and needs tremendous physical fitness and toughness to survive.  

Sanjeev Kapoor, Tarla Dalal, Atul Kochchar, Madhur Jaffrey, Rakesh Sethi are some of the celebrity chefs renowned not only in India but across the world for bringing Indian cooking and Indian cuisine to the top. 

CAREER AS CHEF : ELIGIBILITY & COURSE AREAS

No formal education is needed in this field, but for securing a good job with a well established organisation, professional training from a reputed culinary academy is essential. Renowned restaurants prefer recruiting staff with formal training in fundamentals of cooking. 

Varied courses are offered by different institutions in the field of food preparation & processing, catering technology and other relevant areas of catering field. To avoid being conned it is better to go for institutes registered under National Council of Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT).

EDUCATIONAL 

10+2 or its equivalent is the minimum educational qualification needed for joining any course in the culinary field. The field offers many certificate, diploma and graduate progammes. Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology which is of 4 year duration, and 3 year Diploma course in Hotel Management are the major graduation courses offered in most of the reputed culinary academy/ institutions. Admission to these courses are through an entrance examination conducted by the National Council of Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT). The entrance test comprises of subjects like English, Reasoning, General Science and General Knowledge which is followed by group discussion and an interview. 

There are certain private hotel management institutes who have foreign affiliations and approvals from the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). Besides, several Food craft Institutes in the country also provide training in catering and food processing. One can join these food craft institutes after their 10th or 12th board examination. The duration of the courses in these institutes varies between 6-18 months.  

Apprenticeship courses are offered by several professional culinary training institutes in Chef training. Specialisation in the areas such as cold kitchen, hot kitchen and Bakery & Confectionery are also offered in the catering field. One can also obtain admission in a renowned institute abroad for their culinary training. 

PERSONAL SKILLS : Those who possess an inborn love for the art of cooking can have a bright future in the culinary career. The most required quality for a chef is a strong sense of smell and taste. The chefs must have an experimental bent of mind and the inquisitiveness to know the chemistry of different food ingredients. They should possess thorough knowledge about different variety of food and cuisine not only of ones own country but globally, and how they are cooked, prepared and finally presented to the guests. The chefs should be prepared to experiment and explore varied food ingredients. 

The chef should posses an outgoing and friendly personality and have the ability to work as a team. An aspiring chef should be ready to work for extended hours; always stay prepared to work under intense pressure; develop a thick skin to stand criticism and be strong enough to work in a fiery environment amidst fumes & odors. One should keep oneself updated with knowledge and skills such as new cooking technologies and methods etc. One also needs to have an aptitude for service and hospitality.

CAREER AS CHEF : JOB PROSPECTS & CAREER OPTIONS

Endless opportunities are available in the culinary sector for those interested in establishing a career in this field. With the upsurge in the hotel and hospitality sector, trained and experienced Chefs are in good demand to run food and beverages departments of industries ranging from restaurants, hotels, corporate catering, food processing companies, resorts, airlines, cruise liners etc. Day by day, specialty and multi cuisine restaurants are springing up in every nook and corner of major cities. The success of these restaurants depend on their unique dishes and its preparation and presentation by Chefs.

After completing hotel management course, one can start his career as an apprentice in any restaurant or hotel. From there he can climb up a slow ladder to the position of Sous Chef, Executive Sous Chef and finally Executive Chef. Executive chef is the top most designation in this field and to obtain this title it may take anywhere from 10-12 years. 

Chefs can host television shows, as TV channels are hot places for running cookery shows. Chefs can write cookery books and can also become food Journalists, by writing in newspapers and magazines. Those with a post graduate degree in catering and food processing can join as a faculty member in government or private institutes offering hotel management courses. One can become an entrepreneur by setting up their own restaurant or catering business and can also find job openings abroad as Indian chefs.

Besides these, career avenues are open for chefs in the catering service departments of defence and railways. 10+2 candidates with diploma / certificate course (1 or more years) in Hotel Management and catering Technology which is recognized by AICTE can find openings in the catering department of Indian defence service. The recruitment for the post of Junior Commissioned Officer (Catering) is carried out round the year through an open rally system. The recruitment programme is published in local newspapers, two weeks prior to the conduct of the rally by the concerned ZROs (Zonal Recruiting Officers) and concerned BROs (Branch Recruitment Offices).

One could become stars and celebrities of their own in the culinary art over a period of time. Only hands-on experience over a time span will teach you the tricks of the trade and once your name gets established, then sky is the limit. 

While planning to become a chef you need to know about different types of chefs who work in various positions in a restaurant. Generally three categories of staff are involved in food service establishments or hotels namely the Chefs, the cooks and the food preparation workers. Chefs and head cooks are in charge of directing other workers in the kitchen, estimating food necessities, and ordering materials. Their major responsibilities are creating recipes and preparing meals. The food preparation workers peel and cut vegetables, trim meat, prepare poultry and ensure cleanliness. 

The terms chef and cook are often thought of as the same. A Chef is trained to master culinary forms, as well as provide creative innovation in menu, preparation and presentation. Whereas a cook is trained to master forms of food preparation, he usually takes close direction from a chef. Usually chefs have further training and higher skills than cooks.

Job titles in this field will tell you about a chef's specialty and level of seniority. Small restaurants employ one chef but larger establishments prefer to have separate chefs in charge of breads, vegetables, deserts etc. and in such cases there will be an executive chef to oversees works of other chefs. 

The job titles in the food service establishments can be classified as : 

• EXECUTIVE CHEF / HEAD CHEF - Also known as the Chef de cuisine, an executive chef is in charge of all the food service operations of a restaurant or hotel kitchen. Executive chef is in control of everything inside the kitchen and their responsibilities include planning menu, determining serving sizes, ordering supplies for food, management of kitchen staff and supervising kitchen operations to make sure that the food quality and presentation is consistent. Head chef / cook is often referred as someone with the same duties as an executive chef, but there is usually someone in charge of them, possibly making the larger executive decisions such as direction of menu, final authority in staff management decisions, etc. Executive Chef/ Head Chef has the overall responsibility for the food that comes out of the kitchen.
• SOUS CHEF - Sous Chef also known as sub chef is the assistant of Executive chef. They are responsible for the safe running of kitchen in the absence of executive chef. They are in charge of inventory, cleanliness of the kitchen, organization and constant training of all employees. The sous chef may also do some actual cooking, for instance, stepping in to replace one of the line cooks if necessary. 
• STATION CHEF / CHEF DE PARTIES - Known by various names, these people are in charge of a particular area of the kitchen like Chinese, French, Italian, Continental, Banquet, Pastry etc. They works at an assigned station which is supplied with the ingredients and equipment needed for grilling, cooking vegetables, making sauces, etc. In small restaurants, station chef is the only worker in that department. But in large establishment, there will be several station chefs and each station chef might have several cooks or assistants. 
• LINE COOKS (COMMIS) - Commis / Line cooks is the entry level position in larger kitchen who works under Station Chef or Chef de Partie to learn the station's responsibilities and operation. A person who has recently completed formal culinary training or undergoing training can join as a commis. They are assigned specific duties inside the kitchen and are further classified as : 
  - PASTRY CHEF / PATISSIER : They oversee the production of baked goods like pastries, breads, cakes, chocolates, biscuits, desserts etc.
  - PANTRY CHEF / GARDE MANGER : These cooks are responsible for cold food preparation, such as salads, cold appetizers and other dishes
  - SAUTÉ CHEF / SAUCIE : These cooks are responsible for all sautéed items and their sauce.
  - FISH CHEF / POISSONNIER : They prepare varieties of fish dishes and their sauces
  - ROAST CHEF / ROTISSEUR : They are in charge of preparing roasted and braised meats and their appropriate sauce.
  - GRILL CHEF / GILLARDIN : Prepares all types of grilled foods. 
  - FRY CHEF / FRITURIER : Prepares all types of fried foods. 
  - VEGETABLE CHEF / ENTREMETIER : They are in charge of all types of hot appetizers like soups and starches such as pastas and potatoes and other vegetable items.
• EXPEDITER - Expediter, the bridge between the kitchen and the wait staff, is the person in charge of organizing orders by table. They should be familiar with the menu and know what the dishes should look like before being served to guests.

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CAREER IN PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology

Psychology is a branch of science that deals with mental processes and behavior. It is the systematic study of human and animal behaviour, mind and thought. To pursue the career of a psychologist, one should have a genuine desire to help other human beings. 

Psychology is mainly concerned with the way the mind works. Psychologists study the processes, motives, reactions, feelings and nature of the human mind. Their treatment is based on changing the behavioural patterns of the patients without medication. They do counceling and help people by bringing about changes in their thought process, thus improving their quality of life.

Psychologists need not have a medical degree. But they have to study several years to specialise in various aspects of psychology. One can pursue Psychology at the plus two level, graduate, post graduate and doctorate level. There are specialisations in many fields of psychology such as social psychology, child psychology, occupational psychology, clinical psychology, educational psychology, experimental psychology, etc.

Psychologists teach, practice and do research or work in one of the many branches of applied psychology.  They apply their knowledge and techniques to a wide range of endeavors, including human services, management, education, law and sports. 

Psychology : Eligibility & Course Areas

Psychology is offered as a subject at the Plus Two or equivalent level with a combination of other social sciences and statistics. At the graduate level, one can study psychology as an Honors subject in most universities. After graduation, one can opt for an MA or MSc in Psychology, Social work or Counseling. Specialisations in the subject can be pursued at the post graduate level or at the doctoral level- M.Phil or Ph.D, after post graduation. At the master's and doctoral level, education becomes increasingly specialized.

Post graduate courses in psychology are offered only to students who have graduated with psychology. Post graduate and doctoral degrees in Psychology puts emphasis on research. If your interest is in practice, i.e helping people with problems (counseling ) you could opt for Psychology-related graduate programs such as education and social work

For those who do not wish to put in too many years of study, there are one year Diploma courses in Special Education or Mental Retardation. 

Educational :
For Bachelor programme in psychology - 10+2
For Post graduate courses in psychology - Bachelor degree in psychology
For Ph.D./ M.Phil - PG or Diploma in psychology

Duration :Graduation in psychology is a 3 year programme.
Post graduation is of 2 years duration and during the course, specialization in a special branch of psychology is possible.
M.Phil or Ph.D. is of 2 year duration.

Personal Skills : Good communication skills, patience, ability to work with all kinds of social/ cultural and age groups are the essential qualities of a psychologist. They should have a genuine interest in people, their behaviour and have empathy for their problems. They have to be sensitive and caring and also have the ability to understand people of very different backgrounds and upbringing.

Course area : Study of psychology includes a diverse range of activities such as the processes of thinking, learning and perceiving, remembering, forgetting, physiology of the nervous system, development of children, social relationships and their effect on personality development, mental disorders, applications of psychology to the study of society, industry, education etc., techniques of experimenting and testing, and statistics. There is a wide variety of topics in the professional study of psychology and some overlapping occurs between the different specialized branches. Good at science, math, critical reading and writing.

Psychology : Job Prospects & Career Options

The nature of work of a psychologist is influenced most by the areas of specialisation in the subject. They work in a number of different settings, including universities and colleges, primary and secondary schools, government agencies, private industry, hospitals, clinics, and private practices. They are also employed in social welfare organizations, research establishments, rehabilitation centres, prisons, child/ youth guidance centres, advertising industry and in a variety of other set-ups. 

Psychologist with master's degree, work under the supervision of one or more doctoral level psychologists. Those with bachelor's degree are eligible for jobs in community health centers and vocational rehabilitations and as administrative assistants. 

Career Options

Career prospects in Psychology depend on the area of specialization. There are variety of options for psychologists. They can specialise in various areas such as

Clinical Psychologists - Clinical Psychologists work in counseling centers, independent or group practices, hospitals, community health centers or clinics. They help mentally and emotionally disturbed clients adjust to life and may help medical and surgical patients deal with illnesses or injuries. Areas of specialization within clinical psychology include health psychology, neuro psychology, and gero psychology.

Counseling Psychologists - Counseling is the skill of helping normal people, through discussion, to decide how best to cope in specific situations. Counseling psychologists deals with people who have serious emotional and personal problems. They use various techniques, including interviewing and testing, to advise people on how to deal with problems of everyday living.

Social Psychologists - Social psychologists work with social organisations and institutions in research, systems design or other applied psychology fields. They seek to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviour with others and with the social environment.

Educational Psychologists - They work in schools and colleges with teachers, students, parents and administrators to resolve students learning and behaviour problems. They may evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs, behavior management procedures, and other services provided in the school setting.

Industrial Psychologists - Industrial psychologists work for business, industry or government. They apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace to improve the working conditions and productivity of employees. They also advise companies on ways of getting consumers interested in products and services.

Research psychologists -As researchers, psychologists proceed like scientists. They investigate the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behavior. They use laboratory experiments and various kinds of tests, interviews, questionnaires and surveys. Prominent areas of study in experimental research include motivation, thought, attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior.

Developmental psychologists - They study the physiological, cognitive, and social development that takes place throughout life. Some specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, or changes that occur during maturity or old age.

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CAREER IN AIR HOSTESS

AIR HOSTESS

One of the important aspects of travel by air is concerned with making the journey of the passenger as much comfortable and safe. It is in this respect the Air hostess/Pursers play their role.  

This is a very promising career option with the vision of a smart, efficient lady in mind. Many young girls opt for the career because of the exciting experience of flying, visiting different places, interacting with different kinds of people on board and for the very attractive pay package. Liberalisation of air policies have increased the private operation of air services and this has created immense job opportunities in this field. Even though this career gives exciting experience it is not as easy as it seems. This is a highly demanding job which requires a lot of patience and involves odd duty hours. To be more specific behind this career lies a strong conviction, commitment and hard work for learning the technical aspects of aircraft operation and skills to tackle difficult situation.

The air hostess is called the first person to welcome a passenger, her welcoming smile and greeting acknowledge every passenger. Inside the aircraft, she seems to be here, there and everywhere, greeting every passenger, guiding each to his or her seat, helping a passenger get settled, co-ordinating security personnel, giving directions as and when required and doing a myriad things. Basically, she’s on constant call all the time.

AIR HOSTESS TRAINING : ELIGIBILITY & COURSE AREAS 

EDUCATIONAL : Eligibility for an airhostess-training programme is plus two/ or a graduate degree with a diploma/degree in Hotel Management or Tourism Management. The aspirant must be eligible to hold an Indian Passport and should be below twenty-five years of age with a minimum height of 157.5 centimeters. The weight should be in proportion to height. Further, one must be unmarried, with normal eyesight of 6/6 uncorrected vision in each eye. Fluency in English, Hindi, and knowledge of an international language is an added advantage.

A flight purser, male counterpart of the airhostess has to be a graduate below 26 years, and have a minimum height of 163 cm with proportionate weight.

The applicant should be physically fit with a pleasing personality and clear complexion. After the initial screening of applicants is completed the airline  company calls them for a written examination, usually of the objective type (multiple choice). Those who qualify in the written examination have to appear for a group discussion followed by a personal interview of successful candidates. If selected you will be on training for 2 to 3 months in which time you learn about service, grooming, safety and first aid, after which you are initially put on trainee flights.

The training covers several topics, each of which deals with technical or non-technical aspects of the aircraft. Beginning with the history of aviation, the candidates are made to learn In-flight Service, Passenger Handling, Passenger psychology, Service of meals on the Aircraft, the art of conversation, Transactional Analysis, Emergency Evacuation System, Personal Grooming and Hygiene, First Aid, Confidence Building, Handling of visually impaired passengers, Making announcements, Emergency demonstration etc.

PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES :

Common sense, sense of responsibility, initiative, friendly outgoing personality, politeness, physical stamina and the capacity to work for long hours on one's feet, ability to react quickly in times of emergency and a presence of mind, systematic approach, unruffled appearance, a well-modulated pleasant voice, and a proportionate figure with a graceful carriage.

AIR HOSTESS TRAINING : JOB PROSPECTS & CAREER OPTIONS 

JOB PROSPECTS 

With privatisation and foreign collaboration increasing every day, the future is bright for an air hostess. Most airline offices are looking to increasing their fleet and there is a demand for air hostesses. They can find employment with private owned domestic and international airlines namely Sahara, Singapore airlines, Jet Airways etc and government air services like Air India and Indian Airlines. Ads for recruitment normally appear in all major newspapers.

CAREER OPTIONS

An Air Hostess has every chance to be promoted to the post of Senior Flight Attendant and then Head Attendant. Career as an Air Hostess would last for about eight to ten years, after that she could move on to the ground duties including the job of a Ground Hostess, Check Hostess, training of airhostess or work in the management level. One can also diversify into any one of the other departments in the airline industry.

The duty of an airhostess last throughout the duration of the flight. The job of an air hostess begins long before the arrival of the passengers. It starts with safety check on the aircraft, where she has to check the safety equipment, blankets, pillows, magazines, plates, napkins and medicines, etc. as well as the cleanliness. 

After the passengers board the flight the job includes assisting passengers to settle down. Special care is needed in the case of sick travellers, VIPs, babies or children or elderly people traveling alone. Once all the passengers are seated it is the duty of the airhostess to go about ensuring that safety arrangements are in proper condition and demonstrate the use of emergency equipment.

They has to provide first aid if such a situation arise. Her responsibilities also include serving meals to passengers. In case of an emergency during the flight, she need to take responsibility and determine the most appropriate steps to deal with the situation.

In short she has to work continuously with presence of mind and must be on call all the time.

SALARY

It's based on airline. The average income is 25k per month but some airlines give more than average income at starting level. 

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CAREER IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE

FOREIGN LANGUAGE

A career in foreign language is an attractive proposition, for those who have a flair for languages. Our trade links are expanding overseas so the requirement for people with skills in language is increasing. Skills in foreign languages like French, German, Russian, Chinese and more recently Japanese, Spanish and Korean are in great demand. Opportunities start from tour operators, online content writers, technical translators or decoders, interpreters and translators. Interpreters need a thorough knowledge of the language, because they have to transfer spoken statements from one language to another, where as translators have to translate written documents, which needs excellent writing skills in languages.

With the globalisation of Indian economy, multinationals coming to India and more and more companies going for joint ventures abroad, the job scenario for those proficient in foreign languages have opened up. The ever increasing amount of scientific, technological and cultural information promises a growing need for those who are able to facilitate international communications. Academic qualifications in foreign languages helps in pursuing careers in the areas of tourism, entertainment, public relations and mass communication, international organizations, embassies, diplomatic service, publishing houses, BPO's etc. More and more avenues are opening up in tourism and call centres.

The future growth prospects also vary from language to language. In governmental work, apart from French, German, Spanish, Japanese etc, even smaller languages like Pashpio, Uzbek, Tajiks, Hebrew, Portuguese etc have a huge demand now.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE : ELIGIBILITY & COURSE AREAS 

There are 3 types of courses to pursue for a career in foreign languages, ie., Certificate course, Diploma course and Degree courses. Some institutes offer both basic and advanced level courses such as postgraduate and PhD, some of them extending upto 5-6 years.

The eligibility for certificate and degree courses is 10+2. In most of the places eligibility for the diploma course is the certificate course in that language. JNU is a major institution conducting language courses. For Japanese, there is a language proficiency test conducted by the Mombusho Scholars Association and Alliance Française is the centre for conducting various French tests like the TEF ( required by the Canadian High Commission), the TCF, DELF /DALF tests and diplomas delivered by the French Ministry of Education.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE : JOB PROSPECTS & CAREER OPTIONS 

Job prospects vary from secretarial, executive and public relation assignments as well as for translation and interpretation jobs. Translators are employed with industries, publishing houses, research and government organisations such as the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and embassies etc. Companies such as HP, Oracle, Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Thomson, GE, Aventis, Moulinex etc are employing language experts. Other job opportunities for a language specialist are travel and tourism sector, hotel industry, exhibitions and fairs, airline offices, export agencies, radio stations, trade organizations and teaching. For pursuing a career in teaching, a teacher should be a graduate in that foreign language and must have a teaching degree.

NATURE OF WORK 
Opportunities for regular employment are few ,attaining professional qualification in foreign languages, one can work in the following areas.

TEACHING: The most common of all the available career options in foreign language is teaching. language. As a teacher, a person get enough opportunities to increase the skills. As far as teaching jobs are concerned, many institutions are offering courses in foreign languages and so jobs exists at all levels. Those reluctant to engage themselves in a full-time profession, can take private tuition as well.

INTERPRETERS AND TRANSLATORS: Interpreters and translators both need to have a good command over two or more languages. Interpreters job relates to interpreting spoken words of one language into another, therefore needs to have not only good command over the language but have excellent verbal communication skills.

The job of an interpreter can be of different types. Sometimes they are engaged in simultaneous interpretation, which is used for meetings, conferences, speeches etc. Here the interpreters sits in a sound proof room and listens to speeches and almost spontaneously interprets it in the target language into a microphone. The other type of interpreting are consecutive interpreting and liaison interpreting. Consecutive interpreting goes on during formal speeches where the speaker halts for a while when the interpreter interprets the spoken statements to the audience. Liaison interpreting is to facilitate conversation between to people knowing different languages. Interpreters accompany business groups and official delegations on overseas trips and are in great demand for technical translation.

Translation work can be related to a variety of fields like technical, scientific literary or business. Translators work on books, scripts, articles and translate them into specified languages. Apart from having linguistic skills, a translator must possess adequate knowledge in the area of the work so as to maintain the style and essence of the original text.

FREELANCING: Often, after pursuing courses in foreign languages, people like to work as freelancers. These people get work in translation bureaus, research organisations, international organisations like UNO, FAO, foreign companies, Reserve Bank of India, publishing houses etc. Expertise in foreign language coupled with other additional qualifications in areas like management, tourism, hospitality industry, airlines can be even fruitful and better the chances for employment opportunities.

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